While in 2001, one-third of the world’s population was still infected with the tuberculosis bacillus, 95% of cases occurred in the poorest countries on the planet. Yet, since the Consensus Conference held in 1994, it is no longer “politically incorrect” to talk about tuberculosis in France. Indeed, the emergence of HIV infection, followed by the rise in social insecurity in industrialized countries during the 1980s, that led our country to consider the possibility of a resurgence of tuberculosis—a disease of poverty—and the need to adapt the existing care systems. Five years after the recommendations of the 1994 Conference, specialists and field practitioners in epidemiology and public health, clinicians, and bacteriologists, with the help of international experts, sought once again to take stock of “tuberculosis in the year 2000” during a conference held at the Institute of Public Health, Epidemiology, and Development in Bordeaux. The papers collected in this volume will enable readers to better understand the new face of tuberculosis in light of recent advances in molecular biology. They also illustrate, through a few examples, how regional and local authorities have adapted traditional tuberculosis control structures to current needs.