Introduction - The surveillance system for hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children aged 15 and under, established in 1996, makes it possible to track spatial and temporal trends in HUS, identify the epidemiological characteristics of cases, and detect clusters of cases. Materials and Methods - Surveillance relies on a permanent network of volunteer pediatric nephrologists from 31 hospitals. HUS cases are identified based on clinical criteria and reported to the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance using a form that collects clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological information. Results - Between 1996 and 2007, the average annual incidence of HUS was 0.8 per 100,000 children aged 15 and under and 2.3 per 100,000 children under 3 years of age. An infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was identified in 66% of patients, and the STEC serogroup O157 was predominant (81%). Two community-based STEC outbreaks were identified by the HUS surveillance system in 2005. Discussion - Surveillance data on pediatric HUS in France confirm its status as a rare disease and corroborate the epidemiological characteristics of HUS described in the literature. The system’s ability to detect clusters of cases has been demonstrated on several occasions since 1996. (R.A.)