Introduction – Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the mental health of populations in France and internationally. In this context, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of anxiety disorders in the general adult population in mainland France in 2021, to identify the factors associated with them, and to analyze trends observed since 2017. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that anxiety disorders may have increased as a result of the health crisis, as has been observed for major depressive episodes. Method – The data are drawn from the Santé publique France Barometer, a self-report survey conducted by telephone using a random sample of 4,829 individuals aged 18 to 85 in 2021 and 6,413 individuals aged 18 to 75 in 2017. The presence of an anxious state was assessed using the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD-A). The analysis of changes between 2017 and 2021 was restricted to the population aged 18–75. Results – In 2021, 12.5% of people aged 18 to 85 exhibited an anxiety disorder at the time of the survey (score strictly above 10 on the HAD-A subscale), with a prevalence three times higher among women (18.2%) than among men (6.4%). Between 2017 and 2021, the prevalence of anxiety remained stable among those aged 18–75, regardless of gender, age (except for the 65–75 age group), educational level, employment status, household composition, and financial situation. Factors associated with anxiety disorders, common to both genders, included a tight or difficult financial situation, an educational level below a high school diploma, as well as the presence of comorbid depression and suicidal thoughts. Conclusion – Unlike the increase observed for major depressive episodes, our results show no significant change in the prevalence of anxiety disorders between 2017 and 2021. However, they suggest a high prevalence of anxiety disorders, associated with significant social inequalities and substantial comorbidities. These findings call for improved access for the general population—and particularly for the most disadvantaged—to prevention and treatment services for anxiety disorders.