In France, published prevalence estimates for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are rare and limited to data collected by the two French registries of childhood disabilities, covering specific geographic areas and children aged 8 years. Following a brief overview of the French and international context of epidemiological surveillance of ASD (nosographic evolution of the national and international classifications used to categorize them, available data sources, and key findings from national and international studies), this report presents the results of an analysis conducted by Santé publique France using the National Health Data System (SNDS), which includes the Psychiatric Medical Information Collection (RIM-P). The objective of this analysis was to explore the SNDS to estimate the prevalence of these disorders, at the national and regional levels, for the entire population. Conducted over the 2010–2017 period, it provided, for the first time in France, prevalence estimates based on healthcare utilization by affected individuals, described them by age, sex, region of residence, diagnostic subtype, and nature of care, and examined the frequency of certain comorbidities. A comparison of the rates estimated in the SNDS with the prevalence figures obtained from registries for children in their eighth year of life shows that most children of this age receive care through the healthcare system. Once the first years of life have passed, it appears that this use of care becomes less frequent and that, gradually, institutional care shifts primarily to medical-social care. Currently, the SNDS does not contain data on medical-social care. Thus, analyzing healthcare utilization data to estimate the prevalence of these disorders appears to be more appropriate for children than for older patients. Overall, current epidemiological knowledge of ASDs remains very fragmented. It is essential to conduct the necessary research to improve our understanding of both their prevalence and the modalities of medical and medical-social care for children, as well as for adolescents and adults.