Background: Due to its geographical location and given its socioeconomic conditions, the population of Mayotte remains vulnerable to infectious diseases, including those that can be prevented by vaccination. In 2010, for the first time, a survey was conducted to estimate vaccination coverage rates among children and adolescents residing in Mayotte. Method: This was a two-stage cluster survey. For children aged 24–59 months and 7–10 years, the survey was conducted in-home in households randomly selected from 80 districts chosen by random sampling proportional to population size. Data were collected for 676 children aged 24 to 59 months and for 692 children aged 7 to 10 years from health records. For 14- to 15-year-olds, vaccination data were collected from 590 students, randomly selected from 18 middle schools on the island, by school nurses from the National Education system based on health record reviews. Results: Vaccination coverage among children aged 24–59 months was high, close to 95%, except for Hib (90%) and MMR (86%). For children aged 7 to 10 years, vaccination coverage was insufficiently high (82%) except for hepatitis B and BCG, which had rates above 90%. For adolescents aged 14–15 years, rates were low (75%) and far from the targets to be achieved. Conclusion: Strengthening measures to monitor vaccination status, followed by catch-up campaigns in collaboration with various stakeholders (maternal and child health services, hospitals, school health programs, and private practitioners), is recommended. Raising awareness among healthcare professionals about vaccination is also recommended, as well as conducting periodic vaccination coverage surveys to regularly monitor practices. (R.A.)