While occupational exposure to asbestos accounts for 75% to 92% of pleural mesothelioma cases in men, many questions remain regarding exposure factors in women, young men, and individuals with extrapleural mesothelioma. There is now strong scientific evidence to suggest that certain non-occupational exposures to asbestos may play a causal role in pleural mesothelioma. Other types of exposure are also suspected of promoting the development of mesotheliomas. Mandatory reporting (MR) of mesotheliomas was implemented in 2012 by Santé publique France to strengthen surveillance of mesotheliomas (all anatomical locations) and to improve understanding of exposure factors, particularly environmental ones, in three targeted populations: non-pleural mesotheliomas, pleural mesotheliomas in men under 50 years of age, and in women. A pilot study was conducted to test the feasibility and relevance of conducting exposure surveys among individuals in these three populations, identified based on notifications received under the mandatory reporting system. It took place in nine participating regions: Alsace, Aquitaine, Lower Normandy, Brittany, Franche-Comté, Limousin, Picardy, Poitou-Charentes, and Réunion. A questionnaire covering the patient’s occupational, residential, and educational history, as well as their potentially exposure-related activities, was administered in person by an interviewer. This report presents the results of this study regarding the feasibility and relevance of the surveys in meeting exposure surveillance objectives. Occupational exposures and all defined categories of non-occupational exposures were successfully characterized. Significant data management efforts and methodological developments were carried out. A phased rollout of these surveys across the entire national territory is recommended. This rollout would provide essential knowledge to guide prevention efforts. Subject to the implementation of the recommendations identified in this study and the availability of sufficient human and financial resources, the routine use of these surveys by Santé publique France is feasible within the exposure component of the future national mesothelioma surveillance system (DNSM).