Background: We present an analysis of short-term associations between PM10 and mortality by cause, age group, and season in 17 cities in metropolitan France. Methods: Associations between PM10 and daily mortality were examined in each city using a generalized additive model with a Poisson distribution, and the results were synthesized in a meta-analysis. The percentage increase in mortality associated with a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM10 on preceding days was estimated for the 2007–2010 period and by season. The models were also used to perform a meta-regression accounting for environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic variables. Results: a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM10 at lags 0–1 and 2–5 results in a 0.51% increase in non-accidental mortality (95% CI: [0.08–0.94]). The effect of PM10 is greater at lags 2–5, except in summer. In summer, a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM10 results in a 1.30% increase in non-accidental mortality the following day (95% CI: [0.06–2.56]). The meta-regression did not identify any factors influencing the impact of pollution. Conclusion: Our results confirm the short-term effects of PM10 on mortality, even at annual average concentrations compliant with European regulations (40 μg/m³).