In France, changes in the levels and chemical composition of urban air pollution, as well as the widespread adoption of measurements of particulate matter (PM10) indicators, warranted an update, for the period 2000–2004, of the results obtained under the Air and Health Monitoring Program (Psas) regarding the short-term relationships between air pollution and mortality and hospital admissions. The time-series analysis consisted of linking short-term variations in health indicators (mortality and hospitalizations) to those of air pollution exposure indicators (NO2, O3, and PM10). Relative risks were estimated for each city, and a combined analysis of these results was then performed. The risk of death from all causes or from cardiovascular and cardiac causes is significantly associated with all of the pollution indicators studied. Hospitalizations for cardiovascular causes are also significantly associated with NO2 and PM10 levels but not with ozone. These two studies confirm the existence of significant links between commonly observed levels of air pollution and health indicators. They have also provided estimators that can be used to assess the health impact of urban air pollution in France. (R.A.)