The first Abena study, conducted in 2004–2005 by the InVS, provided a description of the sociodemographic and economic profiles, dietary habits, and nutritional status of food aid recipients. As the economic and social context has changed, along with the organization of food assistance, the study was repeated in 2011–2012 to assess the current situation and measure changes since 2004–2005. This new cross-sectional study was conducted in six urban areas (Paris, Marseille, Greater Dijon, Seine-Saint-Denis, Val-de-Marne, and Hauts-de-Seine) during the winter of 2011–2012. Participants were recruited through a two-stage random selection process (food assistance facilities followed by users). Data collection was conducted face-to-face at the facilities with 2,019 individuals and supplemented for 422 of them by a clinical and laboratory examination at a health center. All analyses were performed taking into account inclusion probabilities and the sampling design. Changes were analyzed across the four regions common to the 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 surveys (Paris, Marseille, Dijon, Seine-Saint-Denis), using chi-square tests and logistic regressions to account for changes in sociodemographic characteristics. In 2011–2012, the health status of food aid recipients remained a cause for concern, with particularly high prevalences of nutrition-related conditions (obesity, hypertension, diabetes, certain vitamin deficiencies) and a mixed trend since 2004–2005 (favorable for iron-deficiency anemia but unfavorable for obesity and HTN). The study also highlights the significant gap between the consumption of certain food groups and nutritional recommendations, particularly for fruits and vegetables and dairy products, although slight improvements have been observed since 2004–2005. The study also highlights the difficult living conditions of food aid recipients, particularly in terms of isolation, housing difficulties, low educational attainment, employment challenges, as well as access to and forgoing of healthcare. Furthermore, a significant proportion of recipients relied on food aid to obtain food, with food aid even serving as the sole source of supply for certain foods. This finding is set against the current backdrop of economic crisis and discussions regarding the financing of food aid, particularly through the European Aid Program for the Most Deprived and national authorities. The data from this study may be useful for policymakers and organizations, as efforts to improve food aid must continue, alongside a broader economic and social policy aimed in particular at reducing social inequalities in health. (R.A.)