HIV infection remains of major public health importance in Europe. Its epidemiology and public health priorities vary across Europe. In the East, increasing incidence of AIDS and the number of HIV diagnoses underline the need to ensure access to treatment and care as well as to strengthen HIV prevention in groups at risk such as injecting drug users (IDU) and their partners. In the West, HIV prevention needs to be reinforced among men who have sex with men (MSM), and access to treatment and care should be ensured for migrant communities. In this report, HIV data are presented for three populations: - patients with sexually transmitted infections (STI): the high HIV prevalence (up to 66%) reported among MSM diagnosed with an acute STI in western Europe suggests the need to strengthen the promotion of safer sex in this population; - commercial sex workers (CSW): the high prevalence of HIV among IDU-CSW in the East (>40% in some cities of the Russian Federation) requires that interventions for the control and prevention of HIV among CSW, and especially IDU, need to be prioritised. At the same time, there is a need to develop HIV prevention programmes for male and transgender CSW, especially, but not only, in the West; - HIV and tuberculosis co-infection: the increases in HIV/TB co-morbidity reported by many eastern European countries underline the need to strengthen TB and HIV control and treatment. In the West, access to both case management and disease control services must be ensured for migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa who are at an increased risk for HIV/TB co-morbidity. (R.A.)