The contribution of occupational factors to health is still poorly understood in France. Nevertheless, some data are available. For example, the proportion of cancers attributable to occupational factors is estimated to be between 3% and 8% of all cancer deaths. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the leading cause of occupational diseases. The role of psychosocial factors at work (“stress”) in relation to cardiovascular disease, mental health disorders, and MSDs is well established. Occupational risks contribute to social inequalities in health, and there is significant “undercompensation” for work-related illnesses. Data sources at the national level in France are limited. The creation of a Department of Occupational Health within the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance has enabled the implementation of a national epidemiological surveillance program aimed at establishing indicators to quantify the impact of occupational activity on the health status of the general population, identify high-risk sectors and occupations, alert to potential work-related problems—whether known or emerging—and evaluate prevention and compensation measures. The main features of this program are illustrated by several examples, including asbestos, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), occupational exposures, mortality by industry sector, the quantification of the impact of occupational factors on health, and the establishment of various networks of occupational physicians. (R.A.)