In 2015, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) issued an alert, relayed via a Rapid Health Alert (RHA), regarding the occurrence of cases of Mycobacterium chimaera infection following cardiac surgery performed under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Following this alert, Santé publique France identified, through a retrospective investigation, two confirmed cases of M. chimaera infection following cardiac surgery with CPB. In light of the emergence of new international cases, a new alert was issued in 2017 questioning the practices regarding the use and maintenance of CPB heat exchangers and proposing recommendations in line with those of the manufacturers, as well as an evaluation of existing practices. In 2017, an investigation conducted by Santé publique France and the National Reference Center for Mycobacteria and Mycobacterial Resistance to Antituberculosis Drugs (CNR-MyRMA) aimed to continue the retrospective case search and to conduct an investigation into practices related to CPB equipment in France. The survey targeted healthcare facilities (HFs) that perform cardiac surgery under CPB in France. The information collected via questionnaire covered the period from January 1, 2015, to May 31, 2017. These results show that among the 56 participating cardiac surgery departments out of the 61 departments surveyed in France (92% participation rate), no facility reported any cases of invasive Mycobacterium chimaera infection since 2015. This reassuring result compared to other European countries must be qualified by the observation that active case finding is not systematic and disinfection measures are rarely compliant. Furthermore, microbiological testing of circulating oxygenated blood (COB) water revealed abundant flora (56%), frequently including nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), particularly the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) (23%). Efforts are needed to improve the disinfection of ECM devices. Nevertheless, manufacturers’ recommendations appear difficult to implement. The results highlight a large number of practical limitations and barriers to implementing these recommendations, particularly regarding microbiological sampling. The potential infection risk associated with the use of CPAP machines and the difficulties encountered by healthcare facilities in maintaining them suggest the need for national guidelines based on a review of the literature and expert opinion.