Pyrethroids are synthetic analogs of pyrethrins, natural chemicals found in certain species of chrysanthemum. They were first introduced to the market in the mid-1970s. Today, they are the most widely used class of insecticides, both for crop treatment and for household applications, due to their lower toxicity to humans and animals compared to other classes of insecticides (organochlorines or organophosphates). They are used in agriculture, for wood preservation, as household insecticides, and as human antiparasitics. They are very broad-spectrum insecticides, used against a wide variety of pests: flying and crawling insects, fleas, ticks, lice, scabies, aphids, mealybugs, fruit and vegetable flies, worms, and wood-boring insects. Endocrine-disrupting effects of several pyrethroids have been reported, but none of the pyrethroids are classified as carcinogenic or endocrine disruptors in the European Union. In France, there are few studies providing data on pyrethroid exposure levels in the general population. In children, the Pélagie study provided exposure levels for pyrethroids in Brittany. The ENNS study conducted in 2006–2007 provided initial data on a sample of the general adult population living in mainland France. A decade after the ENNS study, the Esteban cross-sectional study (Environmental Health, biomonitoring, physical activity, and nutrition) measured exposure levels to five pyrethroid metabolites in the mainland French population aged 6 to 74 years, based on a sample of 900 adults and 499 children included in the study between April 2014 and March 2016. In the Esteban study, pyrethroid concentrations in children were higher than those measured in adults. All metabolites except F-PBA were quantified at 99% or higher in either the adult or child population. The Esteban study demonstrated that exposure levels to four metabolites had decreased or remained stable more than seven years after the ENNS study in France and that the French population did not exhibit exposure levels different from those measured abroad in 2014–2016, except for Br2CA, a metabolite of deltamethrin for which levels have increased since the ENNS study. The main determinants of the detected pyrethroid exposure levels were the use of antiparasitic products on pets and, more broadly, the use of insecticides in the homes of adult and child participants. Consumption of animal products from the garden as well as consumption of beef were also associated with pyrethroid exposure in adults. Given that pyrethroid exposure levels in France remain high, it would be important to continue monitoring trends in pyrethroid exposure in the general population over time and to identify the main sources of exposure in order to strengthen measures aimed at reducing exposure.