Occupational diseases, most of which are nonspecific, represent a significant burden in France; yet there are few recent French studies that provide quantitative data on this issue. It is in this context that the Department of Occupational Health (DST) of the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS) has developed, through the Matgéné program (Employment-Exposure Matrix in the General Population), tools specific to the French context to assess occupational exposure to carcinogens and the impact of such exposure on public health. This report illustrates the use of these tools to quantify, under two scenarios, the proportion of certain cancers attributable to occupational exposure to four carcinogens classified as Group 1 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), i.e., agents for which evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is considered sufficient: asbestos, silica, benzene, and trichloroethylene. This study also provides an estimate of the rate of compensation for occupational diseases. Notwithstanding the methodological limitations inherent in this exercise, these estimates are important for improving knowledge in occupational health and public health. They confirm the significant role of occupational exposures in the occurrence of certain cancers in the French population and, by extension, the extent to which conditions attributable to these exposures are under-compensated.