The Esteban study provided the first-ever description of exposure to 27 metals measured in urine among children living in mainland France during 2014–2016. Exposure reference values were established for lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, urinary mercury, and mercury in hair; Population exposure to metals applies to all adult and child participants; levels measured in adults were similar for mercury in hair and urinary nickel compared to those measured in the ENNS study in 2006–2007. However, levels were higher for arsenic, cadmium, and chromium. Only the levels of lead had decreased since the ENNS study in 2006–2007; The levels measured in France were higher than those found in most other countries (Europe and North America), except for nickel and copper; Exceedances of health guideline values were observed in the population according to the Esteban study for arsenic, mercury, and particularly cadmium, with just under half of the French adult population having cadmium levels exceeding the value recommended by ANSES.