In this article, based on a presentation given by Réal Morin at the INPES Prevention Days on March 29 and 30, 2007, the author—Scientific Director at the Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ)—compares the health promotion policies implemented in Quebec and France. He conducts a critical analysis of Quebec’s policy, which is sometimes—and mistakenly—presented as a model, and then reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the French system. His conclusion: France has a head start when it comes to changing individual behaviors, while Quebec’s strength lies in its ability to create “supportive” environments. However, both have a long way to go in better addressing social inequalities in health.