Background: The number of homeless people has risen significantly since the early 2000s, and this population has become more diverse, including, in particular, an increasing number of women, families with children, and foreign nationals. The issue of health status and access to care for these vulnerable individuals is crucial, given their precarious living conditions. Population and method: Based on a 2012 survey of individuals using shelter or meal distribution services, the number of homeless people in metropolitan France is estimated at 141,500. This survey, conducted between January and March 2012 at assistance services, involved face-to-face interviews with homeless individuals regarding their living conditions, housing history, and health status. The objective was threefold: to assess the diversity of these individuals’ health status, to track changes since the previous survey conducted in 2001, and to compare current data with that observed in the general population. Results: This study focuses on French-speaking homeless adults living in urban areas with 20,000 or more inhabitants, among whom 3,741 individuals matching this profile were interviewed. On average younger than the general population, only half of them consider themselves to be in “good” or “very good” health. They suffer from dental problems and weight issues and frequently report suffering from depression. Nearly 9 out of 10 respondents had seen a doctor during the year, while dental visits are less common. One in 10 homeless individuals lacks social security coverage, and one in four lacks supplemental health insurance. Conclusion: The survey results indicate poor physical and mental health among homeless adults in 2012. They also show that health outcomes are not uniform across this population due to its heterogeneity. This diversity raises new health challenges, particularly regarding prevention, care, and health coverage.