In 1995, G. Taubes’s article, “Epidemiology Faces Its Limits,” made a significant impact on the epidemiology community. Despite this prediction, epidemiology continues to find numerous applications in the field of environment-related health effects. Epidemiological studies enable the exploration and analysis of the relationships between the environment and health. Epidemiology serves as a tool for monitoring environmental risks and plays a central role in quantitative risk assessment. Looking ahead, a number of challenges must be addressed: i) methodological challenges concerning the use of appropriate study designs and statistical analyses, the optimization of exposure measurement, and the definition of a shared conceptual framework for causal inference practices; ii) challenges concerning, more broadly, the approach to environmental risk analysis, which must integrate an increasing number of scientific disciplines and maintain close interaction between the fields of assessment and management. As for epidemiologists themselves, their role is also to engage in these multidisciplinary efforts so that the use of epidemiological knowledge—both existing and future—is optimized in decision-making processes.