Objectives - To determine, using health insurance data, changes in the prevalence of treated diabetes in France between 2000 and 2009; to describe geographic disparities by examining recent trends; to assess the increase in the level of pharmacological management of cardiovascular risk factors; and to measure changes in mortality. Methods - Individuals with diabetes are defined as those prescribed oral antidiabetic medications and/or insulin on at least three different dates during the year. The data analyzed come from the Permanent Sample of Social Security Insured Persons (Epas) for the 2000–2005 period and from the National Inter-Regime Health Insurance Information System (Sniiram) for the 2006–2009 period. Results - Between 2000 and 2009, the prevalence of treated diabetes rose from 2.6% to 4.4%, and the number of treated diabetics in France increased from 1.6 to 2.9 million. High prevalence rates were also observed in the overseas territories, the northeastern part of mainland France, and in Seine-Saint-Denis. Cardiovascular risk factors were more frequently treated with medication: antihypertensives +7.4 percentage points between 2000 and 2009, statins +27.7 percentage points, and antiplatelet agents +9.6 percentage points. The mortality rate had fallen by approximately 10% between the 2001–2006 period and 2009. Conclusion—The prevalence of diabetes continued to rise, exceeding experts’ forecasts. The finding of high prevalence rates among those aged 60 and older, along with rapid increases and widening geographic disparities, must be incorporated into public health policies. (R.A.)