Asthma, an inflammatory disease of the airways

Asthma is a chronic disease of the bronchi, with the first symptoms most often appearing in children. Inflammation causes various changes in the airways (swelling, bronchial muscle contraction, mucus secretion) that lead to bronchial obstruction. 

Asthma is characterized by the occurrence of attacks, which are episodes of wheezing (sibilant) breathing difficulty (dyspnea). In some cases, coughing may be the only symptom. Between attacks, breathing is generally normal.

Asthma, a multifactorial disease

Asthma does not have a single cause: both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of this disease.

In people with asthma, various factors can trigger asthma attacks:

• allergens found indoors (dust mites, mold, pet dander) or in the workplace

• outdoor allergens (pollen and mold)

• respiratory infections

• respiratory irritants (tobacco smoke, air pollution, irritants in the workplace)

• cold air

• physical exercise

• certain medications (anti-inflammatory drugs)

There are two types of work-related asthma: occupational asthma, which is caused by agents present in a specific work environment, and work-aggravated asthma, which refers to pre-existing or recently developed asthma whose symptoms are exacerbated by work.

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Asthma

Asthma is characterized by the occurrence of "attacks," which are episodes of wheezing (sibilant) breathing difficulties (dyspnea). In some cases, coughing is the only symptom. The frequency and severity of attacks vary from person to person. Between attacks, breathing is usually normal.

The diagnosis of asthma is based on a detailed patient interview (frequency of attacks, circumstances of onset, family history, etc.).
A test, known as pulmonary function testing, is performed to confirm the diagnosis and then to monitor the progression of the disease.

A significant impact on quality of life 

Without appropriate management, asthma can significantly impair quality of life. It is a cause of absenteeism from school or work.

Comprehensive asthma management

Asthma cannot be cured: it persists throughout life, even though periods of remission can last several years, sometimes making people forget they have the disease.

Asthma management relies on:

• specific treatment: this primarily involves inhaled medications, including bronchodilators used to treat symptoms and, if necessary, anti-inflammatory maintenance therapy (inhaled corticosteroids) to prevent attacks and maintain normal respiratory function;

• avoidance of triggers (active and passive smoking, dust mites, etc.);

• care that closely involves the patient and various healthcare providers (asthma education programs).