The number of new tuberculosis cases worldwide was estimated at 10 million in 2017, making tuberculosis a major global health and public health concern. The scale of the tuberculosis epidemic requires all countries to coordinate their efforts to make the response as effective as possible. The principles of tuberculosis control are largely based on the determinants of transmission (characteristics of the index case and contacts, conditions of exposure, pathogenicity of the bacillus) and the description of tuberculosis epidemiology. Thus, the precise characterization of the populations most at risk and of epidemiological trends helps to inform the development of control strategies. Globally in 2017, the estimated incidence of tuberculosis was 133 per 100,000 people. Countries with the highest tuberculosis incidence rates are located in Africa and Asia. In France, where incidence is low, disparities among populations and geographic areas call for continued efforts in tuberculosis control. These efforts are based on simple principles: interrupting transmission through the identification and rapid management of contagious cases; preventing the development of the disease through direct measures (vaccination, treatment of latent infections) or indirect measures (improving living conditions). To ensure these principles are consistently applied on the ground, countries have a strategic framework for tuberculosis control developed by international organizations. In France, the fight against tuberculosis is the responsibility of the State, which sets the standards and strategy and oversees the entire effort. Regional Health Agencies are responsible for coordinating the system at the regional level, and Tuberculosis Control Centers ensure its operational implementation.