In France, the incidence of tuberculosis has remained stable at around 10 cases per 100,000 inhabitants since 1997 (10.2 in 2003). However, the epidemiological situation varies significantly depending on the geographic region and the population subgroups involved. Thus, the incidence of tuberculosis is increasing each year among individuals born in a foreign country, whereas the incidence has steadily decreased among those born in France, stabilizing in recent years. The increase in the number of cases carrying multidrug-resistant bacteria, and the rise in cases among individuals (aged 15–24 and 25–39) from sub-Saharan Africa, are all indicators that have led to the development of these recommendations by health authorities. The effective implementation of these recommendations and actions aimed at improving the care of patients and their contacts must then be evaluated so that their impact on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in France can be assessed.