Introduction: Promoting a healthy diet and physical activity requires understanding and monitoring changes in the population’s nutritional attitudes and behaviors. This is the purpose of the Health and Nutrition Barometer, a national survey conducted since 1996. This article describes some of the key findings from the third wave of the survey, conducted in 2008 among 4,714 individuals. Results: Awareness of nutritional guidelines and the proportion of individuals who met them on the day before the survey vary widely across food groups. Thus, the rates of consumption of fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and fish are the least satisfactory. At the same time, the least well-known guidelines are those related to starchy foods and dairy products. The survey also shows a simplification of meals but a decrease in snacking, insufficient engagement in health-promoting physical activity, a growing emphasis on price in food choices, and significant social inequalities regarding diet. Conclusion: The 2008 Health and Nutrition Barometer highlights improvements in nutritional knowledge and certain dietary behaviors, while also pointing out areas where efforts in prevention must continue. Promoting the consumption of fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and regular physical activity are all areas that need to be strengthened, with a priority on the most vulnerable populations.