Introduction: Hypercholesterolemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor that often goes undiagnosed. In France, 18.8% of adults had LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) levels above 1.6 g/L in 2006. The objective of the study was to estimate the mean LDL cholesterol level in adults and the prevalence of LDL hypercholesterolemia, to describe the management of hypercholesterolemia in France in 2015, and to examine trends since 2006. Methods: Esteban is a cross-sectional study conducted between 2014 and 2016 on a representative sample of the population of metropolitan France (excluding Corsica). It included a questionnaire survey and a health examination with a lipid profile in adults aged 18 to 74 years. For the analyses, two threshold values for LDL hypercholesterolemia were considered: 1.6 g/L and 1.9 g/L. Results: The mean LDL cholesterol level was 1.30 g/L (95% CI: [1.28–1.32]), with no difference by sex. In the population, 19.3% had LDL-C >1.6 g/L and 6.0% had LDL-C >1.9 g/L. Among all 18- to 74-year-olds, 10.9% of men and 6.7% of women had been prescribed lipid-lowering medication at least once during the previous year. Between 2006 and 2015, the average LDL cholesterol level and the proportion of adults with high LDL-c (>1.6 g/L and >1.9 g/L) remained stable. The proportion of adults who had ever had their cholesterol tested decreased by 8.7% among men (p=0.002) and by 15.5% among women (p<0.0001). The proportion of adults receiving lipid-lowering therapy has decreased by 29.6% (p=0.0001) since 2006. Conclusion: the proportion of adults with LDL-C >1.6 g/L, which is relatively high compared to other industrialized countries, has not changed since 2006; the proportion of adults reporting that they have ever had a lipid profile and the proportion of adults treated with lipid-lowering drugs have decreased. This new overview reflects a situation that remains concerning in France, given that LDL hypercholesterolemia is often associated with other cardiovascular risk factors.