A case-control study conducted by the INMA and coordinated by the InVS from July 1999 to February 2000 highlighted the role of certain freshwater recreational activities (particularly canoeing and kayaking) as risk factors for leptospirosis. It thus concluded that there was a need to review prevention strategies against this disease in France, while emphasizing, however, the persistent uncertainties regarding an expansion of vaccination indications, the benefits of which appeared unclear given the vaccine’s limited spectrum (InVS-INMA report 2001). Furthermore, occupational physicians, particularly in the agricultural sector, have for several years drawn attention to the difficulty they face in determining vaccination indications for workers in this sector, whose high-risk activities are diverse and for whom the recommendations of the 2004 vaccination schedule do not appear sufficiently precise (see: BEH 2004, Appendix 4). The working group’s mission was therefore to update the recommendations regarding the prevention of leptospirosis, a potentially serious disease, both in the general population and in the workplace, specifying, where possible, the strategies to be adopted for each specific situation, and the respective role that vaccination should play in these prevention strategies.