Introduction – Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a tool for preventing HIV infection among populations at high risk of exposure, including men who have sex with men (MSM). Since 2021, initial prescriptions can be issued by private practitioners in addition to free information, testing, and diagnosis centers (CeGIDD) or hospitals. The objective of this article is to describe the profiles of MSM eligible for PrEP, whether or not they have used it in the past six months, and to identify the factors associated with non-use. Methods – The data used were drawn from the Rapport au sexe (Eras) survey conducted in the first half of 2023, a cross-sectional, anonymous, self-administered, and voluntary online survey of MSM. We considered eligible for PrEP those respondents who were HIV-negative, had multiple sexual partners, and reported not consistently using condoms with casual partners during anal intercourse in the past six months. Results – Of the 19,307 respondents who reported being MSM, cisgender, residing in France, and not living with HIV, 6,439 respondents (33.4%) met the eligibility criteria for PrEP. Among these, 3,278 (50.9%) had used PrEP in the past 6 months, and 3,161 (49.1%) had not. Compared to users, non-users were younger, less likely to live in urban areas, less educated, in a less privileged financial situation, less socially connected to the gay community and its lifestyles, and also further removed from the healthcare system and sexual health services. Discussion – Our results highlight the persistence of individual and structural barriers to PrEP use within a population of MSM engaging in sexual behaviors that carry a high risk of HIV exposure. At present, the expansion of PrEP initiation in community-based medical practice has not met expected objectives, including the diversification of the sociodemographic characteristics of eligible users.