In sub-Saharan Africa, 61% of adults living with HIV/AIDS are women. In these countries, the literature highlights women’s increased vulnerability to this infection, due in particular to their social status, which severely limits their ability to engage in the sexual relationships they have chosen. What about African women living in France? Has their migration helped shift gender relations toward a more equitable balance in their favor? The responses provided by the 701 men and 693 women in our sample show that African women living in France still very often operate within a context of pronounced male dominance and that the unequal relationships in which they are engaged weigh heavily on their ability to adopt preventive behaviors. Nevertheless, shifts in gender relations are occurring, and the introduction of condoms—even as a mere possibility—plays a constant role in reshaping these relations. [author’s abstract]