Background - The resurgence of syphilis, with reported cases among women of childbearing age in France, has raised concerns about a resurgence of congenital syphilis (CS). Objective - To describe the cases of CS reported in the Medical Information Systems Program (PMSI) in 2004. Method - All cases of children under 1 year of age diagnosed with CS in 2004 were extracted from the national PMSI database. A case was defined as a confirmed or probable case based on the definition of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Information regarding the mother and child was collected anonymously. Results - Six of the 16 identified cases were probable cases. Two of these were adopted children born outside France. For the four confirmed cases, the mother’s syphilis diagnosis was made late in the third trimester of pregnancy. Three mothers were born abroad; difficulties with social integration and unwanted pregnancy were reported for two mothers. Discussion - The number of congenital syphilis cases diagnosed in France in 2004 is very low compared to the 767,816 live births that occurred that same year. The social and cultural circumstances of vulnerable populations can constitute a barrier to access to prenatal care. Screening for syphilis and identifying high-risk situations during pregnancy remain a priority. (R.A.)