Introduction - The social distribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the role of gender have been largely overlooked in France, mainly due to a lack of data. The aim of this article is to analyze the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by gender, while examining the influence of other social factors on this relationship, particularly occupation. Methods - We used data from the Covid-19 Barometer. Each week, an online survey was administered to a sample of 5,000 people representative of the French metropolitan population aged 18 and older, selected using the quota method. A total of 25,001 participants were surveyed between April 7 and May 11, 2020. The relationship between gender, occupation, and SARS-CoV-2 infection was examined using nested logistic regression models. Results - During the first lockdown in France in 2020, women reported a medical diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection more often than men (4% vs. 3.2%). However, when the relationship between gender and occupations and socio-professional categories is taken into account, the increased risk of infection among women is no longer observed. More specifically, male executives are at higher risk of reporting infection than those in other occupations and socio-professional categories, a finding not observed among women. Conclusions - The link between gender and SARS-CoV-2 infection is modified when occupation is taken into account, suggesting that the distribution of occupations by gender is an important factor to consider. Differences in infection risk between men and women therefore warrant analysis in light of socioeconomic factors and the social roles assigned to them.