Introduction - The prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the hepatitis B virus relies on prenatal screening for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which has been mandatory in France since 1992, and, if the mother is an HBsAg carrier, on the administration of hepatitis B vaccine to the newborn immediately after birth. The objective was to estimate the rates of prenatal screening and serovaccination, the prevalence of HBsAg, and to study their associated factors. Methods - Data from the 2016 National Perinatal Survey (ENP), collected by midwife investigators from all women giving birth in France over the course of one week, were analyzed using univariate and multivariate (Poisson regression) methods: maternal sociodemographic characteristics, prenatal care, newborn health status, and maternity ward characteristics. Results - HBsAg status was documented for 97.0% of women. In multivariate analysis, it was more frequently absent among women giving birth in mainland France outside the Île-de-France region (prevalence ratio, PR: 3.9, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI: [2.6–5.9]), in private maternity hospitals (PR: 1.8 [1.4–2.3]), among those primarily followed during the first six months by an obstetrician-gynecologist (PR: 1.5 [1.1–2.0]) or by a general practitioner (PR: 1.9 [1.2–3.0]) compared to those followed by a midwife and for those who had inadequate prenatal care (RR: 2.1 [1.5–3.1]). The prevalence of HBsAg was 0.84%, reaching 5.5% among mothers born in Asia or sub-Saharan Africa. The administration of postnatal immunization was reported for only 70 of the 110 newborns born to HBsAg-positive mothers. Conclusion - Prenatal screening for HBsAg is widely performed, but the administration of postnatal HBV immunization remains highly inadequate.