At the request of the Directorate General for Health, a multidisciplinary commission on thyroid cancer, coordinated by the InVS, analyzed the observed increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in France and highlighted the shortcomings of the current health surveillance system in this area. This commission proposes recommendations for improving the national surveillance system for thyroid cancers. The Commission analyzed four incidence surveillance systems, three of which were excluded: - a national registry is deemed too costly relative to the expected benefits; however, the Commission recommends the principle of the existing registry for the surveillance of thyroid cancers in children and adolescents (≤19 years), - a national system based exclusively on pathology would be appropriate, but requires significant adjustments regarding data collection, - mandatory reporting of thyroid cancer is debatable given the favorable prognosis of this cancer. A two-tier system is proposed, comprising: - continuous recording of new cases by the PMSI, - detailed collection and analysis of cases in the event of an alert (cluster) in a localized geographic area. Regardless of the system chosen, it seems necessary to: - assign a unique health identifier number to each patient, - facilitate access to medical data, - organize a national and standardized collection of pathological data, - monitor thyroid cancer diagnostic practices that impact incidence rates. In conclusion, reliable incidence surveillance combined with monitoring of diagnostic practices and risk factors could constitute a relevant model for epidemiological surveillance of thyroid cancer in France, but such a system requires sustained political and financial commitment.