Numerous risk factors for long COVID have been reported in the literature, but the lack of uniformity in the definitions of long COVID and the study designs used has complicated our understanding and prevention of this condition. Using a conceptual model that accounts for the relationships between the various risk factors for long COVID, and data from a random sample of the general population collected in the fall of 2022, we identified a broad spectrum of factors associated with long COVID, linked on the one hand to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and on the other hand to the pathological, psychological, and socioeconomic context of the infection. The results obtained suggest that long COVID should be considered a condition with multiple contributing factors, which must be given greater consideration in the prevention, support, and management of people with COVID. With a view to preparing the response to emerging infectious threats, the working-age population—which bore the brunt of the burden of long COVID during the COVID-19 pandemic—appears to be a priority target for strategies to prevent post-infectious syndromes.