Four data sources on work-related low back pain are compared in the Pays de la Loire region: three from the multi-component epidemiological surveillance network for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) run by Santé publique France and the University of Angers, and one from the health insurance system’s occupational disease compensation program. For each source, priority sectors for prevention were identified based on incidence rates by sector and the prevention index, and the results were then compared across sources. Among men, the construction, manufacturing, transportation and communications, and agriculture sectors stood out across all four sources, leading to their prioritization for prevention efforts; whereas among women, the manufacturing sector, the health and social services sector, and the retail sector should be prioritized for prevention efforts targeting lumbosacral radiculopathy. The results are consistent and complementary; however, relying on a single source for national low back pain surveillance to guide prevention would reflect only one aspect of the problem. At the national level, the combined use of multiple surveillance sources, each with its own relevance and limitations, allows for the identification of priority sectors and the implementation of prevention programs. Other indicators, particularly prolonged work absences and the costs associated with these absences, would be highly valuable for national surveillance of work-related low back pain and would be useful for the implementation of prevention programs.