The resurgence of local transmission of the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) by Aedes albopictus beginning in March 2010 on the island of Réunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean, required a strengthened response from the vector control service (LAV) of the Indian Ocean Health Agency and from the epidemiological surveillance provided by the regional InVS unit (CIRE). The response protocol for reported cases, established during the 2005–2007 chikungunya epidemic, was strengthened both internally through optimized deployment of resources in the field and through increased collaboration with partners, primarily local municipalities. Consequently, this protocol was refined to improve responsiveness and the mobilization of human and technical resources in response to reports. From March 17 to July 1, 2010, 313 investigations of reported cases were conducted, 13,036 neighboring homes were surveyed, and 34,393 homes were inspected during a spatial adulticide treatment of urban neighborhoods. Analysis of entomological data shows that vector density alone cannot explain the distribution of cases, as human exposure is linked to lifestyle, housing, and the environment. Strong social mobilization efforts, combined with a rapid response from community partners, have significantly raised awareness in urban neighborhoods where chikungunya cases occurred regarding bite prevention and environmental management. The results of control operations show that public engagement is insufficient and that studies must be conducted to better define prevention messages for their effective implementation. (R.A.)