The island of Mayotte, a French overseas department in the Indian Ocean with a population of approximately 170,000, is an area where malaria is endemic. The predominant Plasmodium species is Plasmodium falciparum. The vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. ensures year-round transmission. Malaria control efforts in Mayotte date back to 1976 and are a public health priority for this territory, which is classified as a Group 3 malaria risk area according to official French recommendations. Despite four epidemic outbreaks between 1984 and 1995, a very significant decline in malaria transmission—and consequently in population immunity—was recorded through 1996. After 1996, reduced efforts in vector control, coupled with a decrease in epidemiological surveillance, led to the emergence of new malaria outbreaks in Mayotte. The number of cases reported annually has varied, depending on the year, between 700 and 2,000. In 2001, control measures were strengthened, notably through the restructuring of the vector control service, the routine use of rapid diagnostic tests, the introduction of the "chloroquine + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine" combination as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria, and the implementation of case notification forms. The objective of this study is to assess the epidemiological situation of malaria in Mayotte in order to document trends and guide the control measures to be taken.