Introduction - The objective of this study was to compare the incidence and characteristics of occupational diseases among temporary workers and employees with permanent contracts in France between 2009 and 2014. Materials/Methods - Occupational physicians participating in the OHD surveillance program reported cases of OHD and their exposure agents for all employees seen during visits throughout the data collection periods. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and psychological distress were analyzed by type of visit using multivariate analysis. Results - Among the 370,064 employees studied (6.2% temporary workers, 93.8% on permanent contracts), no association was found between temporary worker status and work-related MSDs of the shoulder, elbow, or hand/wrist. Temporary agency worker status was negatively associated with work-related psychological distress (OR=0.4, 95% CI: [0.3–0.5]), regardless of the type of consultation, and to musculoskeletal disorders of the spine during visits requested for return-to-work (OR = 0.2 [0.1–0.5]) or during periodic visits (OR = 0.3 [0.2–0.7]). Discussion/Conclusion - While the results regarding spinal MSDs may reflect the healthy worker effect, the findings on psychological distress suggest that poor mental health—often observed among temporary workers in previous studies—may be linked to a decline in overall health or to perceived job insecurity rather than to working conditions themselves.