Background - Following a resurgence of syphilis in France in 2000, a surveillance system was established. Data collected over a 10-year period allow for the description of trends and changes in patient characteristics. Methods - The surveillance system relies on the voluntary participation of clinicians. The clinical and biological case definition includes early syphilis (<1 year). Results - Between 2000 and 2009, 4,022 cases of early syphilis were reported. Over this same period, the number of participating sites increased. The number of cases increased in 2007, then decreased over the past two years; these trends are confirmed at sites with consistent participation. Overall, the profile of people with syphilis has changed little. The following were observed: a majority (83%) of men who have sex with men; a decrease in HIV prevalence from 53% to 41%; and a recent increase in reported cases of latent syphilis. The proportion of women was 5%; 15% of them sought care during pregnancy. Conclusion - The number of syphilis cases has decreased over the past two years. This could represent either a decline in incidence or be related to limitations in the surveillance system or delays in diagnosis. Information campaigns on the risks of STI transmission, including congenital syphilis, remain desirable. (R.A.)