Introduction. This article describes the general public’s knowledge, perceptions, and practices regarding screening and vaccination for hepatitis B virus (HBV), in comparison to those measured for HIV. Methods. A module on hepatitis B was included in the KABP (Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices) HIV/AIDS survey, conducted in 2010 by telephone among a random sample of 9,014 people aged 18–69 residing in metropolitan France. Results. Awareness of sexual and drug-use transmission routes is lower for HBV (69.7% and 89.9%, respectively) than for HIV (99.4% and 99.1%). Reported lifetime HBV testing (27.4%), which is half as common as for HIV (61.3%), is more frequently observed in multivariate analysis among individuals born in areas of high HBV endemicity (OR=2.1 [95% CI: 1.5–2.9] compared to those born in areas of low HBV endemicity) and among those reporting intravenous drug use (OR = 2.2 [95% CI: 1.2–4.2]). HBV vaccination was reported by nearly one in two respondents (47%), with no significant difference in multivariate analysis between these two at-risk groups. Conclusion. These results highlight the need to improve the general public’s knowledge of HBV in order to strengthen screening and vaccination practices, particularly among at-risk individuals. (R.A)