Santé publique France conducts epidemiological surveillance of certain conditions potentially linked to endocrine disruptors as part of the National Strategy Against Endocrine Disruptors. Endometriosis has been prioritized as a key indicator for monitoring based on the weight of evidence regarding its link to endocrine disruptors (Le Moal J, Sharpe RM, Jorgensen N, Levine H, Jurewicz J, Mendiola J. Toward a multi-country monitoring system of reproductive health in the context of endocrine disrupting chemical exposure. European Journal of Public Health. 2015). Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue (endometrium) outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis can significantly impair quality of life (bleeding, chronic debilitating pain) and fertility. This study enabled the development, for the first time in France, of a national indicator for monitoring hospital-treated endometriosis (all types of endometriosis), estimating its incidence from 2011 to 2017, and analyzing spatio-temporal variations in risk. Data were obtained from the National Health Data System. Among women aged 10 years and older, we observed 207,462 new cases of endometriosis requiring hospitalization (approximately 29,600 cases/year), with a crude annual incidence rate of endometriosis requiring hospitalization during the 2011–2017 study period of 10 per 10,000 person-years. From 2011 to 2017, the risk of hospitalization for endometriosis of all types among women aged 10 and older increased by 8.5%, and by 10.4% among women aged 25 to 49, who accounted for 68.3% of cases. These results may reflect a real increase in incidence and/or the influence of factors that changed during the study period: increased awareness of the condition among patients and practitioners, increasingly frequent use of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging for detection, and changes in surgical practices. We observed geographical heterogeneity in the risk of hospitalization for endometriosis, with areas of elevated risk scattered across the country. This heterogeneity could be influenced by disparities in care, determined by the proximity of women’s homes to centers with expertise or a reputation in endometriosis. It is premature at this stage to discuss potential environmental hypotheses based on these initial descriptive results, even though an environmental contribution to the risk of endometriosis is plausible given the growing body of literature, particularly regarding the link with endocrine disruptors. By design, this study underestimates the actual prevalence of endometriosis in France. Nevertheless, it provides an initial quantified estimate of the public health issue associated with endometriosis, a detailed snapshot of its medical management across France, and the number of hospitalized endometriosis cases underscores the importance of continuing this work in conjunction with the National Strategy against Endometriosis. This is therefore a first step in national surveillance, to be supplemented with other complementary data sources in order to best estimate the actual incidence in the population, to further explore the links with exposure to endocrine disruptors, and ultimately to guide management and prevention measures as well as research on the topic. Santé publique France will continue this surveillance of endometriosis as part of its monitoring of the health effects of endocrine disruptors, the scope of which is currently being prioritized.