Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease found in southern mainland France, where it is caused by Leishmania infantum, the same species responsible for canine leishmaniasis. The prevalence of this zoonosis, as determined by seroepidemiological screening studies, ranges from 3% to 28% depending on the region and the methods used. A trend toward an increase in the number of cases and geographical spread has been detected in recent years. Various mapping tools have recently been developed, including a map of risk areas. Surveillance of human leishmaniasis is based on case reports submitted to the National Reference Center for Leishmania. It covers both autochthonous cases (241 cases reported between 1999 and 2009) and imported cases (721 cases reported during the same period). The annual incidence of autochthonous leishmaniasis is low, with an average of 22 cases per year, primarily involving cases of visceral leishmaniasis (85%). Imported cases are more numerous (average annual incidence of 65.5 cases). They consist mainly of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) (91%), and predominantly involve CL caused by L. major originating from the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa, and CL caused by L. guyanensis originating from French Guiana. (R.A.)