Background: The 2001 and 2012 INSEE-INED surveys on homelessness provided a description of the homeless population receiving social assistance services. Given the growing number of women in this population—most of whom were born abroad and have children—a study was conducted to describe these women based on whether they were born in France or abroad. Methods: The study focused on a sample of 1,470 French-speaking homeless women from the 2012 INSEE-INED survey. Sociodemographic characteristics, life trajectories, work and employment over the past 12 months, perceived health, reported morbidity, use of healthcare, and health insurance coverage were described, comparing homeless women born abroad with those born in France. Results: Homeless women are young (median age: 34 years), single (55%), do not live with a partner (71%), and are often accompanied by children (52%). The vast majority had not engaged in paid work in the previous 12 months (60%). Women born in France differ from those born abroad in that they have less precarious housing, but a more difficult life trajectory, a generally less favorable perception of their health status, and a higher prevalence of chronic health problems. Homeless women born abroad appear to live in more precarious conditions and face greater difficulties accessing social assistance and health coverage. Overall, despite good health coverage, homeless women, regardless of their place of birth, frequently report health problems that are not being treated. Conclusion: This study suggests that homeless women often face chronic health problems that are not being treated. Homeless women born abroad are distinguished by more precarious living conditions than women born in France. Although they are younger, have a generally favorable perception of their health, and report addiction less often, their overall health status appears as fragile as that of women born in France. Initiatives targeting homeless women should be implemented to improve their access to healthcare.