As in many other countries, the incidence of diabetes among children is rising in France, where it has nearly doubled over the past twenty years, rising from 8 cases per 100,000 children in 1988 to an estimated 15 cases per 100,000 in 2007. Among people under 20 years of age, the average annual increase in the prevalence of treated diabetes between 2006 and 2009 ranged from 2.4% to 3.9%, depending on age group and gender. The Entred-Enfant study was launched following the conclusions of the expert review on the epidemiological surveillance of childhood diabetes commissioned in 2007 by the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS) and conducted by the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm). The objective of Entred-Enfant was to address the need for knowledge regarding the methods and quality of medical care for children with diabetes in France. Entred-Enfant is the first study to examine a representative sample of children treated for diabetes in France. (R.A.)