Objectives: The objective was to describe the characteristics of individuals receiving long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and to examine trends in prevalence and incidence between 2006 and 2011. Methods: The data were drawn from the general practitioner sample of beneficiaries, which covers 1/97th of all beneficiaries of the French National Health Insurance system. The analysis focused on adults insured under the general scheme who had received at least one reimbursement for LOT services. Results: In 2011, 2.6% of adults received OLD, representing approximately 135,000 people. The incidence was 0.9%. OLD alone accounted for 70% of weekly reimbursements, OLD combined with mechanical ventilation for 23%, and OLD combined with continuous positive airway pressure for 7%. Approximately 45% of individuals were receiving long-term care for severe chronic respiratory failure. Between 2006 and 2011, the age-adjusted prevalence increased by an average of 2.9% per year among men and 6.7% per year among women. The incidence was stable among men (+1.6%/year, p = 0.45) and increased among women (+4.7%/year, p = 0.04). The median survival was 27 months. Conclusion: This analysis of National Health Insurance data demonstrates the growing burden of care for OLD in France. (R.A.)